IMPROMPTU
et état de ma recherche
LE CARCAJOU, GULO GULO
(LINNÉ, 1758)
(ANIMALIA:
MAMMALIA: CARNIVORA: MUSTELIDAE):
ÉTAT DE LA RECHERCHE ET GUIDE DES
RESSOURCES DOCUMENTAIRES.
IMPROVISATION
and a progess report
THE
WOLVERINE, GULO GULO (LINNÉ, 1758) (ANIMALIA: MAMMALIA: CARNIVORA: MUSTELIDAE):
STATE
OF KNOWLEDGE AND A GUIDE TO DOCUMENTARY RESOURCES.
À propos du
contenu de ce document : S.V.P.
aller à la fin du document.
For the usual information and warnings regarding this site, PLEASE go to
the end of document.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
AVANT-PROPOS
Foreword
Le Carcajou, un mammifère terrestre, est en voie de disparition
dans l’est du Canada.
Ce méga-mustélidé n’habiterait présentement que quelques régions
du nord-est du Québec (au nord du fleuve Saint-Laurent), et au Labrador.
Le « Comité sur la situation des
espèces en péril au Canada » (COSEPAC), a donné, en 1989, le statut d’espèce en péril aux populations de cette portion du
territoire canadien.
Au
Québec, depuis mars 2000, le Carcajou bénéficie du statut d’espèce
menacée.
Nos
connaissances sur ce carnivore difficile à observer demeurent, encore aujourd’hui, très fragmentaires : la petite taille des populations,
le territoire vital très grand des individus, les coûts élevés liés à la
recherche, en milieu le plus souvent nordique et difficile d’accès, expliquent
partiellement ce constat.
Une «Équipe de rétablissement du
carcajou au Québec-Labrador » a présenté le 31 mars 2002 un plan de
rétablissement du Carcajou pour cette région (Fortin, Clément ;
et al. 2002).
Les populations de l’est du Canada semblent isolées,
géographiquement et génétiquement, des populations de l’ouest du
continent : aucun corridor terrestre (Ontario-Abitibi-Labrador), vérifié,
n’existe, présentement, entre ces deux populations.
Historiquement, la répartition du Carcajou
incluait vraisemblablement un plus grand territoire dans la moitié nord-est du
continent américain, et aussi sa moitié sud-ouest.
La répartition actuelle du Carcajou
inclue plusieurs régions nordiques, telles que le Canada, l’Alaska, la Suède,
la Finlande, la Norvège, l’Estonie, la
Mongolie, plusieurs territoires de la Fédération russe, et aussi quelques états
américains (U.S.) au sud de la frontière canadienne (Montana, Californie,
Washington, Oregon, Wyoming, Idaho, Colorado).
Enfin, il occupait, jadis, une aire plus étendue en Europe.
Vous voici, comme moi, sur
la piste du Carcajou. ......... ..... ..
TABLE DES MATIÈRES (à venir)
Table of contents (be patient)
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
L’origine de mon pistage du
Carcajou.
Lu le 17 août 2002 dans le dépliant produit par la ‘Commission de
la capitale nationale’
« La faune du Parc de la Gatineau » :
« D’autres
gros prédateurs rares comme le lynx roux et le lynx du Canada y ont élu
domicile. Même le carcajou, de caractère méfiant, est un résident
permanent ».
Je me dois de mettre mes connaissances à jour sur le
Carcajou... !
Spur of the
moment : my tracking of the Wolverine.
Read
in the ‘National Capital Commission’ documentation entitled :
« Wildlife in Gatineau Park » :
« Large predators, including bobcats and Canada
lynx, have also chosen to live in the Park. Even the cantankerous
wolverine is a permanent resident ». (italics: jpl)
An golden
opportunity to renew with the Wolverine, introduced to me by the following publication.
De beaux souvenirs, dans ma bibliothèque (#L00198) :
Dumais, Rolland. Dessins : de St-Denys J. Duchesnay.1955.
Les mammifères de mon pays. Québec, Éditions Courvilliennes.
109 p.
EXTRAIT : ”La première mention
canadienne du Glouton nous vient de Lahontan qui l’aperçut le 8 mai 1687 à
Boucherville. « De formes lourdes, trapu, le Carcajou mérite bien le nom
de Glouton tant est grand son appétit »” (p.88)
Et je trouve
cette référence,
‘’Miller, F. L. 1972.
Wolverine in Gatineau Park, Quebec.
Canadian Field-Naturalist 86(4):390.’’
Déjà trente (30) ans depuis cette
publication!
Les temps ont
bien changé pour ce légendaire méso-carnivore (medium-sized carnivore)... !
Y-a-t-il plus à trouver, et à révéler ?
Voilà ! Je persévère, de manière apparemment un peu
désordonnée, comme un Carcajou, explorant un vaste territoire inconnu.
MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES
Material and method
Informatique
Ordinateur: CPU P3-450 ; fiable, et performant pour le type de recherche que j’effectue!
Logiciels, partagiciels, et autres ”..ciels” : variés,
et variables.
Accès WWW : modem-câble
Recherche
sur le WEB
Moteurs de
recherche : nombreux
Mots-clés : Gulo, wolverine,
les noms communs ci-bas, mustelidae, phylogen,
cladist, classificat, genetic, noms
des scientifiques, et combinaisons multiples...
Consultation de PubMed : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
Consultation de ”The Library of Congress”:
http://catalog.loc.gov/
Contacts : avec des scientifiques par courrélec.
Lecture des publications
recensées : extraction des renseignements en cours.
Abréviations, sigles
Abbreviations
À la suite d’une référence, d’un titre, ou une URL, entre
parenthèses:
Abbreviations used in this document:
!: j’ai consulté.
=(document seen, and printed : E, P)
E: j’ai archivé une copie électronique du document (WWW) ou d’une
autre source
electronic/digital
copy saved from WWW or from other source
P : j’ai imprimé une
copie du document sur papier ou j’ai le
document imprimé
A printed copy was made of WWW document or I have a
copy of the document
COMPARAISON = COMPARE
EXTRAIT = EXTRACT
MOTS-CLÉS =
KEYWORDS
RÉSUMÉ = ABSTRACT
J’ai archivé les
sources du présent document, et les éditions antérieures du présent document.
Je collige, je
compare, j’apprends, je diffuse.
Sans publicité,
sans préjudice, sans bénéfice monétaire présent ou futur pour son auteur.
J’édite les
références bibliographiques; je choisis le matériel que vous consultez, et ce
que vous voyez !
Les abréviations,
sigles, et autres raccourcis (de
prénoms, organisations, publications...) : je les évite le plus possible.
Mes objectifs:
l’étendue et la justesse du contenu, et une dose ( :) de convivialité.
Bienvenu
à ‘’Protection_ Carcajou 101‘’.
BIOLOGIE : CLASSIFICATION
Biological classification
CLASSIFICATION
LINNÉENNE, linéaire
Linnean classification (linear)
COMPARAISON : avec un arbre phylogénétique
Carr, Steven M. http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Martes_phylogeny.htm (!EP)
Gulo gulo (Linné, 1758) _
Mammalia :Carnivora : Mustelidae
Règne Animalia :
les animaux (fossiles et vivants)
Embranchement Chordata : les chordés
(fossiles et vivants)
Sous-embranchement Vertebrata : les vertébrés
(fossiles et vivants)
Classe Mammalia Linné, 1758 : les
mammifères (fossiles et vivants)
Sous-classe Theria Parker et Haswell, 1897
: les thériens (fossiles et vivants)
Infra-classe Eutheria Gill, 1872 : les
euthériens (fossiles et vivants)
Ordre Carnivora Bowdich, 1821 : les
carnivores (fossiles et vivants)
Sous-ordre
Caniformia : les caniformes (fossiles
et vivants)
Famille
Mustelidae G. Fischer, 1817 : les
mustelidés (fossiles et vivants)
(les loutres
et mouffettes ?, les blaireaux, et les
suivants)
Sous-famille
Mustelinae G. Fischer, 1817 : les mustélinés (fossiles et vivants)
(les martes,
belettes, visons, carcajous, pékans)
Genre
Gulo Pallas, 1780 – les carcajous (fossiles et vivants)
Espèce
Gulo gulo (Linnaeus, 1758) – le Carcajou, la seule espèce
vivante
Nomenclature originale Mustela gulo
Linné, 1758 : Systema naturae., 10ème édition, 1: 45
NOTES : La famille des Mustelidés inclue-t-elle les
mouffettes ?
Vraisemblablement non: plusieurs chercheurs regroupent maintenant les mouffettes dans une famille à part, les Mephitidés.
RÉFÉRENCE : http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/pubs/opapers/op173.htm
Wolsan, Mieczysław. 1999.
Oldest mephitine cranium and its implications for the origin of skunks.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 44(2): 223-230.
RÉSUMÉ : http://www.paleo.pan.pl/acta/acta44-2.htm#Wolsan (!EP)
La famille des mustélidés regroupe 33 espèces
réparties dans les 9 genres suivants:
Eira (1), Galictis (2), Gulo (1), Ictonyx
(2, Lyncodon (1), Martes (8), Mustela (16), Poecilogale
(1), Vormela (1).
En 1997, Steven M. Carr et S. A. Hicks
retiraient Martes caurina (Merriam, 1890) des synonymes de Martes americana
(Turton, 1806) : le genre Martes hébergerait ainsi une neuvième
espèce.
RÉFÉRENCE: http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Martes_phylogeny.htm
Carcajou, carcajou; Wolverine, wolverine.
UTILISATION DE LA MAJUSCULE.
NOTE :
Carcajou: noter l’utilisation de la majuscule, qui ne désigne que la seule
espèce vivante de carcajous, Gulo gulo (Linné,
1758); cependant, j’ai encore un doute sur la validité de cette orientation
orthographique, et ses conséquences... sur le texte qui suit... !
CLASSIFICATION : SOURCES
Classification: sources
Carr, Steven M.; Hicks,
S. A. 1997.
Are there two species of pine marten in North America?
Genetic and evolutionary relationships within Martes. p. 15-28.
IN: Proulx,
G.; Goddard, R.; Bryant, Harold (editors).
Martes: Taxonomy,
Ecology, Techniques, and Management.
Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton. 474
p.
Dragoo, Jerry
W.; Honeycutt, Rodney L. 1997.
Systematics of mustelid-like
carnivores.
Journal of
Mammalogy 78: 426-443.
Honacki,
James H.; Kinman, Kenneth E.; Koeppl, James W. (editors).1982.
Mammal
species of the world – a taxonomic and geographic reference.
Lawrence,
Kansas, Allen Press. IX-694 p. (!P) ISBN: 0-942924-00-2
ITIS REPORT:
TAXONOMY-NOMENCLATURE-HIERARCHY
RÉFÉRENCE :http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180551 (!EP)
Jones, Clyde; Hoffmann, Robert,
S.; Rice, Dale W.; Baker, Robert J.; Engstrom, Mark D.; Bradley,
Robert D.; Schmidly, David J; Jones, Cheri A. 1997.
Revised checklist of North American
mammals north of Mexico.
Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas
Tech University, Number 173
ARTICLE: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/pubs/opapers/op173.htm (!EP)
Maddison, David R.; Maddison, Wayne P.; Schulz,
K.-S.; Wheeler, T.; Frumkin, J. 2001.
Carnivora - Dogs, cats, bears, raccoons, weasels,
mongooses, hyenas, seals, walruses, etc.
The Tree of Life Web
Project.
RÉFÉRENCE : http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Carnivora&contgroup=Eutheria (!EP)
National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, DC. 1993.
Browse the Checklist of Mammal Names
(200K text/plain): non disponible!
Mustelidae
RÉFÉRENCE : http://www.nmnh.si.edu/cgi-bin/wdb/msw/children/query/12241
(!EP)
Nowak, Ronald M. 2002.
Walker's Mammals of the World Online,
version 5.1.
RÉFÉRENCE : http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walker/w-index-g.html (!EP)
Zoological
Record. Hierarchy, Current...
Mammalia
RÉFÉRENCE : http://www.biosis.org/zrdocs/zr_thes/systvoc/mammalia.html (!EP)
PHYLOGÉNIE et évolution
Phylogeny and evolution
Arnason, Ulfur; Janke, A. 2002.
Mitogenomic analyses
of eutherian relationships.
Cytogenetic and
Genome Research 96: 20-32. (!P)
Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.; Gittleman,
John L.; Purvis, Andy. 1999.
Building large trees by combining phylogenetic
information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia).
Biological Reviews
74(2): 143-175.
ARTICLE:
http://141.40.120.210:8080/WWW/Homepages/Bininda-Emonds/Publications/CarnivoreST.pdf (!EP)
Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P. 2000.
Factors
influencing phylogenetic inference: a case study using the mammalian
carnivores.
Molecular Phylogenetics and
Evolution 16(1): 113-126.
ARTICLE : http://www.tierzucht.tum.de:8080/WWW/Homepages/BinindaEmonds/Publications/Factors.pdf (!EP)
Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.; Vázquez, D.; Manne, L. L.
2000.
The calculus of biodiversity: integrating phylogeny
and conservation.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15(3): 92-94.
ARTICLE : http://141.40.120.210:8080/WWW/Homepages/Bininda-Emonds/Publications/Calculus.pdf (!EP)
Bryant, Harold N.; Russell, A. P.; Fitch,
W. D. 1993.
Phylogenetic
relationships within the extant Mustelidae (Carnivora): appraisal of the cladistic status of the Simpsonian
subfamilies.
Zoological Journal of the Linnean
Society 108: 301-334. (!P)
Hosoda, Tetsuji; Suzuki, Hitoshi; Harada, Masashi; Tsuchiya, Kimiyuki; Han, Sang-Hoon; Zhang, Ya-ping; Kryukov, Alexei P.; Lin, Liang-Kong. 2000.
Evolutionary trends of the mitochondrial lineage
differentiation in species of genera Martes and Mustela.
Genes & Genetic Systems 75(5): 259-267. (!P)
NOTE: Specimen from Sakhalin, Russia: TH150HS1603#_”#Taxa subjected
to phylogenetic analysis with 1140 bp sequence data”p.265: “Gulo gulo,
which is sometimes treated as a member of the subfamily Guloninae in the
traditional view, however, was consistently clustered into the clade Marten.”
RÉSUMÉ : http://www.cib.nig.ac.jp/GGS/Vol-75/75-5-5.html (!EP)
Ledje,
Christina ; Arnason, Ulfur. 1996.
Phylogenetic relationships within caniform carnivores
based on analyses of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene.
Journal of
Molecular Evolution 43: 641-649. (!P)
Ruedas, Luis A.; Salazar-Bravo,
Jorge; Dragoo, Jerry W.; Yates, Terry L. 2000.
The importance of being earnest: what, if anything,
constitutes a “specimen examined?”
Molecular Phylogenetics
and Evolution 17(1): 129–132.
ARTICLE : http://talpa.unm.edu/PDF/larjme.pdf (!EP)
Stone, Karen D.; Cook, Joseph A.
2002.
Molecular evolution of Holarctic martens (genus Martes, Mammalia:
Carnivora: Mustelidae).
Molecular Phylogenetics and
Evolution 24: 169-179. (!P)
RÉSUMÉ : http://www.idealibrary.com/servlet/doi/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00229-4 (!EP)
ARTICLE : http://www.sou.edu/biology/faculty/Stone/images/Molecular%20evolution%20of%20martens.pdf
( !EP)
EXTRAIT: “Analyses of complete sequences of the mitochondrial
cytochrome b gene and partial sequences of the nuclear
aldolase C gene (241 bp) suggested that the genus Martes may be paraphyletic with respect to Gulo
gulo.”
NOMS COMMUNS (et termes pour la recherche ; (!EP))
Common
names
Allemand Vielfrass, Vielfraße http://www.tierenzyklopaedie.de/tiere/vielfrass.html
Anglais Glutton, Wolverine, Carcajou (voir
Field, R.J. 1974.
Wolverine - A bit of history about the carcajou, an
endangered species in Colorado. Colorado Outdoors. 23(2):1-6.)
Belgique Veelvraat
http://www.natuurbeleving.be/zoogdieren/Veelvraat_Gulo-gulo.html
Finlandais Ahma
http://www.koulukanava.fi/ymparisto/pedot/ahma.html
http://www.suurpedot.fi/lajikuvaukset/ahmalajik.html
http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/mammalia/carnivora/mustelidae/gulo/index.html
Français Carcajou,
Glouton http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/hww-fap/wolverine/carcajou.PDF
Québec
Carcajou (blaireau du Labrador).
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/7318/EXPRES.HTM
Iñupiaq qapvik Alaska:
Kobuk River villages
qavvik Alaska: North Slope villages
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q
Italien Ghiottone http://www.netsys.it/itis.alessandrini/ipc/lavorimm/mustelid/frame11.htm
Norvégien Jerv,
Felefrans http://home.no.net/afeten/nordfjella/1_2_1Felefrans_Gulo_gulo.php
http://www.zoologi.no/fakta/jerv.htm
Russe Pocomaxa http://www.scouts.ru/zoo/wolverine.htm
Suédois Järv http://home.swipnet.se/Kattis_Homepage/Rovdjur/jarv/jarv.htm
Autres noms communs: http://www.jerv.info/Utvalgte.htm (!EP)
NOTE :
CONFUSION : Felis concolor = Puma = Couguar, qui est aussi
appelé carcajou !
”Les explorateurs français du sud du Québec et du
Nouveau-Brunswick l'ont appelé « carcajou », nom qui, plus à l'ouest, a été
donné par la suite au glouton, ce qui a causé quelques confusions dans les
écrits traitant de ces deux animaux.”
RÉFÉRENCE : http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/hww-fap/hww-fap.cfm?ID_species=57&lang=f (!EP)
BIOLOGIE
Biology
CARNIVORES
Carnivores
Ewer, Rosalie
Francis. 1998.
The Carnivores. (réédition de 1973).
Comstock
Publishing Associates. XII-500 p. (ISBN
0-8014-8493-6) (!P)
CARCAJOU
Wolverine
Anonyme. (date?).
Uncovering the
secrets of the wolverine.
(translation of
Russian magazine article ; sent by Dr Audrey J. Magoun). ( !P)
Banci, Vivian A. 2001.
Le
carcajou.
Environnement
Canada. Service canadien de la faune. La faune de l'arrière-pays.
CW-69-4/100-2001F. 4 pp.
ARTICLE : http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/hww-fap/wolverine/carcajou.PDF (!EP)
Banci, Vivian A. 2001.
Wolverine.
Environment Canada. Canadian
Wildlife Service. Hinterland Who's Who.
CW-69-4/100-2001E. 4 pp.
ARTICLE : http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/hww-fap/wolverine/wolverine.PDF (!EP)
Banfield, Alexander
William Francis. 1975.
Les mammifères du Canada.
Québec. Les
Presses de l’Université Laval. XXV-406 p. (ISBN : 0-7746-6699-4) ( !P)
Bjärvall, Anders; Magoun,
Audrey J. 1985.
Wolverine,
p.120-121.
IN : Macdonald,
David (editor).
The Encyclopedia
of Mammals.
New York. Facts on
File Publications. XVLVIII-895 p. (!P) (ISBN: 0-87196-871-1)
Dionne, Charles-Eusèbe. 1902.
Les mammifères de la province de Québec.
Québec, Dussault et Proulx.
Dumais, Rolland ; Duchesnay,
de St-Denys J. (dessins). 1955.
Les mammifères de mon pays.
Québec, Éditions
Courvilliennes. 109 p. (!P)
Gilbert,
D. 1993.
Wolverines - What to do if a demon
of the north comes a calling?
Smithsonian 23(12): 136-140, 142-146, 148.
Gingras, Pierre. 1984.
Le carcajou, un visiteur très rare au Québec.
La Presse, Montréal, Québec.
Guay, D. 1986.
Le carcajou s’attaque-t-il aux grands cervidés ?
Les Carnets de Zoologie 46: 16-18.
Hornocker, Maurice G.1983.
Tracking the truth about wolverines.
National Wildlife 21(5):32-39.
Krott, Peter. 1959.
Der Vielfrass (Gulo gulo L. 1758). zur kenntnis seiner
naturgeschichte und seiner bedeutung für den Menschen.
Monograph Wildsäugetiere 13:1-159.
Krott, Peter. 1960.
Ways of the wolverine.
Natural History 2:16-27.
Krott, Peter. 1982.
Der Vielfraß (Gulo gulo Linnaeus 1758) im Ökosystem.
Saügetierkund Mitteilungen 30: 136-150.
Landa, Arild. 2001.
Wolverine. p.108-109.
IN: Macdonald, David (editor).
The new encyclopedia of mammals.
Oxford University Press.
Nowak, Ronald M. 1991.
Wolverine, p.
1124-1125.
IN : Walker’s
mammals of the world, vol. 2. Fifth edition.
The John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and
London. XLV-1629 p. (ISBN :
0-8018-3970-X)
RÉFÉRENCE : http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walker/carnivora.mustelidae.gulo.html (!P)
Pasitschniak-Arts, Maria; Larivière,
Serge. 1995.
Gulo gulo.
American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species 499:1-10.
ARTICLE : http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf (!EP)
Prescott, Jacques. 1987.
Le carcajou s’attaque-t-il aux grands cervidés ?
Les Carnets de
Zoologie 47: 13-15.
Prescott, Jacques ; Richard,
Pierre ; Caron, Richard (dessins). 1982.
Carcajou. p. 256-259.
IN :
Mammifères du Québec et de l’est du Canada. Tome 2.
Montréal, Éditions France-Amérique. 429 p. (!P)
Quick, H. P. 1953.
Wolverines, fisher
and marten studies in a wilderness region.
Transactions of
the North American Wildlife Conference 19: 452-461.
Stroganov, Sergei U. 1969.
Carnivorous mammals of Siberia.
Israel
Programs for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, x -522 p.
The Wolverine Foundation. 2002.
Species account.
ARTICLE
: http://www.wolverinefoundation.org/lifehist.htm (!EP)
BIOLOGIE (sujets variés)
Biology
(various aspects)
Biknevicius, Audrone
R. ; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire. 1996.
Design for
killing: craniodental adaptations of predators. Chapter 12, p. 393-428.
IN : Gittleman,
John. L. (editor). Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution.
Comstock Publishing
Associates, a division of Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London. Volume 2. XII-644 p. (ISBN 0-8014-8216-X)
(!P)
Boles, B. K. 1977.
Predation by
wolves on wolverines.
Canadian
Field-Naturalist 91: 68-69.
Burkholder, B. L. 1962.
Observations
concerning wolverine.
Journal of
Mammalogy 43: 263-264.
Burns,
J. J. 1970.
Remarks on the distribution and natural
history of pagophilic pinnipeds in the Bering and Chukchi seas.
Journal
of Mammalogy: 51(3): 445-454.
NOTE: Le Carcajou mange des bébés phoques sur la banquise.
Doyle, F. I. 1995.
Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, and
Northern Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis, nest apparently preyed upon by a
wolverine(s), Gulo gulo, in the southwestern Yukon territory.
Canadian
Field-Naturalist 109: 115-116.
Fish, Frank E.; Stein, B. R. 1991.
Functional correlates of differences in bone density among terrestrial
and aquatic genera in the family Mustelidae (Mammalia).
Zoomorphology 110(6): 339-345. (!P)
SITE : Fish, F. E.: http://www.wcupa.edu/_academics/sch_cas.bio/HOME/Fish.HTM
Harding, Karin C.
2000.
Population
dynamics of seals: the influences of spatial and temporal structure.
Academic
dissertation, the Faculty of Science of the University of Helsinki. 39 p.
EXTRAIT : “Polar
bears Ursus maritimus and arctic foxes Alopex lagopus are
specialists on
ringed seal pups (Lydersen and Gjertz 1986, Stirling and Øritsland
1995), but also wolves Canis lupus, red foxes Vulpes vulpes and
wolverines Gulo
gulo are known
to prey upon ringed seals in the Arctic (Reeves 1998).”
ARTICLE : http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/ekolo/vk/harding/populati.pdf ( !EP)
Homes,Volker.
1999.
On the Scent: Conserving Musk Deer – the Uses of Musk
and Europe’s Role in its Trade.
TRAFFIC Europe. 70 p. (ISBN
90-9012795-X)
EXTRAIT : “Musk
deer have a number of natural predators. Depending on the range, their main
predators may include the Wolverine Gulo gulo,
Grey Wolf Canis lupus, Leopard Panthera pardus, Tiger Panthera
tigris, Snow
Leopard Unica unica, Lynx Lynx lynx, Fox
Vulpes vulpes and Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula.”
ARTICLE : http://www.traffic.org/musk/musk-fullreport.pdf ( !EP)
Iverson, J. A. 1972.
Basal metabolic
rate of wolverines during growth.
Norwegian Journal
of Zoology 20: 317-322.
Koehler,
Gary M.; Hornocker, Maurice G.; Hash, Howard S. 1980.
Wolverine marking behavior.
Canadian Field-Naturalist 94:339-341.
Liskop, K. S.; Sadleir,
R. M. S.; Sanders, B. P. 1981.
Reproduction and
harvest of wolverine (Gulo gulo) in British Columbia. p. 469-477.
IN: Chapman,
J. A.; Pursley, D. (editors).
Worldwide
Furbearer Conference Proceedings, Aug. 3-11, 1980,
Frostburg,
Maryland, U.S.
Magoun, Audrey J. 1987.
Summer and
winter diets of wolverines, Gulo gulo, in arctic Alaska.
Canadian Field-Naturalist 101: 392-397.
Magoun, Audrey J.; Gipson, P. S.1985.
Ecology of
wolverines in an arctic ecosystem.
Natlional
Geographic Society Research Report 20: 253-263.
Magoun, Audrey J. 1992.
Wolverines
at home under the snow.
Alaska's
Wildlife Jan-Feb: 7-9. (!P)
NOTE: (author’s
name spelled “McGowan”)
Magoun, Audrey
J. ; Valkenburg, Patrick. 2001.
Caribou remains at kill sites and the role of
scavengers in producing patterned distribution in bone assemblages. p. 294-299.
IN: Gerlach,
S. Craig; Murray, Maribeth S.
People and
wildlife in northern North America: essays in honor of R. Dale
Guthrie.
British
Archaeological Reports International Series 944.
Archaeopress.
Oxford, England. VII-306 p. (!P) (ISBN : 1-84171-236-1)
Quick, H. F. 1952.
Some
characteristics of wolverine fur.
Journal of
Mammalogy 33: 492-493.
Rausch, R. A.; Pearson,
A. M. 1972.
Notes on
the wolverine in Alaska and the Yukon Territory.
Journal of
Wildlife Management 36:249-268.
Reeves,
R. R. 1998.
Distribution, abundance and biology of ringed seals (Phoca
hispida): an overview. Vol. 1: 9-45.
IN: Lydersen,
C.; Heide-Jørgensen, M. P.
(editors).
Ringed
seals (Phoca hispida) in the North Atlantic.
NAMMCO
Scientific Publications.
Shank, C. C.; Bunnell,
F.L. 1982.
The effects of
snow on wildlife: an annotated bibliography.
Research.
Ministries of Environment and Forests. IWIFR-1. Victoria , B.C. 58 p.
EXTRAIT
: p.17-18 :« 11 Burdukov, G.N., and V.M. Kozlov. 1979. Experiment in
measuring the specific load of animals on snow. Soviet Journal of Ecology 10:
87-89.
(Other Species/Snow Hardness/Sinking Depth/USSR)
Notes that
treating foot loading a s body weight divided by foot area ignores the fact
that weight is borne on various numbers of extremities during various gaits.
Foot loading also depends upon speed of movement and degree of acceleration. A
spring-activated dynometer was punched into the snow to track depth to
determine actual foot-loading. Static loads for marten varied from 20-28 g c w
2 whereas dynamic loads were 36-40 g cm-2. Wolverine have lower static
loadings than lynx but bound through the snow and therefore sink as deep as
lynx. Dynamic loadings are listed for several medium-sized boreal mammals. The
fringe on the toes of black grouse allows them the surface area needed to
spring into the air from snow surfaces. «
ARTICLE : http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Mr/Iwr/Iwr001.pdf (!EP)
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction
MAMMIFÈRES
Mammals
Weir,
Barbara J.; Rowlands, I. W. 1973.
Reproductive
strategies of mammals.
Annual
Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 139-163. (!P)
Hayssen,
Virginia. 1993.
Empirical
and theoretical constraints on the evolution of lactation.
Journal
of Dairy Science 76(10): 3213-3233.
ARTICLE : http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/lactation.pdf (!EP)
MUSTELIDÉS
Mustelids
Banci,
Vivian A.; Harestad, A. 1988.
Reproduction
and natality of wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Yukon.
Annales Zoologici Fennici 25: 265-270.
Bjärvall, Anders. 1982.
A study of the
wolverine female during the denning period.
Transactions of
the International Congress of Game Biologists 14: 315-322.
Blomqvist, L. 1995.
Reproductive
parameters of Wolverines (Gulo g. gulo) in captivity.
Annales Zoologici Fennici 32: 441-444.
Ferguson, Steven
H.; Virgl, John A.; Larivière, Serge. 1996.
Evolution of delayed implantation and associated grade
shifts in life history traits of North American carnivores.
Écoscience 3(1): 7-17.
RÉSUMÉ : http://www.bio.ulaval.ca/ecoscience/ARTICLE_ENG/vol3n1.htm#i_Evolution%20of (!P)
Lee, J.; Niptanatiak,
A. 1996.
Observation of repeated use of a wolverine, Gulo
gulo, den on the tundra of the Northwest Territories.
Canadian
Field-Naturalist 110(2):349-350.
Magoun, Audrey J. ;
Copeland, Jeffrey P. 1998.
Characteristics of
wolverine reproductive den sites.
Journal of
Wildlife Management 62(4): 1313-1320. (!P)
Magoun, Audrey
J.; Valkenburg, Patrick. 1983.
Breeding
behaviour of free-ranging wolverines (Gulo gulo).
Acta
Zoologica Fennica 174:175-177. (!P)
Mead, Rodney A. 1981.
Delayed
implantation in mustelids, with special emphasis on the spotted skunk.
Reprod. Fertil.
Suppl. 29:11-24.
Mead, Rodney A.; Rector, M.; Starypan, G.; Neirincky,
S.; Jones, M.; Don Carlos, M. N. 1991.
Reproductive
biology of captive wolverines.
Journal of
Mammalogy 72(4): 807-814.
Mehrer,
C. F. 1976.
Gestation
period in the wolverine, Gulo gulo.
Journal of Mammalogy
57(3): 570.
Pulliainen, Erkki.
1968.
Breeding
biology of the wolverine (Gulo gulo L.) in Finland.
Annales Zoologici Fennici 5: 338-344.
Wislocki, George Bernays; Amoroso,
Emmanuel Ciprian. 1956.
The placenta of
the Wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus (Linnaeus)).
Bulletin of the
Museum of comparative Zoology, Harvard 114(3): 91-101.
Wright, P. L.; Rausch,
R. 1955.
Reproduction
in the wolverine, Gulo gulo.
Journal of
Mammalogy 36(3): 346-355.
GÉNÉTIQUE
Genetics
Nucleotide sequences for Gulo gulo
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=nucleotide&cmd=search&term=gulo+gulo (!EP)
Gulo
gulo mitochondrial DNA for cytochrome b (complete sequence).
(!EP)
Cegelski, Christine; Waits,
Lisette P.; Anderson, Neil. 2001.
Mitochondrial and microsatellite analyses of wolverine
population structure in Montana.
Society for
Conservation Biology, University of Hawaii – Hilo. 29 July - 1 August 2001.
Contributed Paper Session: Conservation Genetics (II).
RÉSUMÉ: http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~scb/abstracts/Cegelski.htm (!EP)
Davis, C. S.; Strobeck,
Curtis. 1998.
Isolation,
variability, crossspecies amplification of polymorphic microsatellite family
Mustelidae.
Molecular Ecology 7: 1776–1778.
Duffy, A. J.; Landa, Arild; O'Connell, M.; Stratton,
C.; Wright, J. M. 1998.
Four polymorphic
microsatellites in wolverine, Gulo gulo.
Animal
Genetics 29(1): 63-72.
Fredga, K. 1967.
Comparative chromosome studies of
the family Mustelidae (Carnivora, Mammalia).
Hereditas, Brief Reports 57: 295.
Hedmark,
E. (année?)
Genotyping from
wolverine faeces. p.260.
Symposium.
(détails?)
RÉSUMÉ : http://www.daimi.au.dk/~profile/program/sym17.pdf (!EP)
Kyle, C. J.; Strobeck, Curtis. 2001.
Genetic structure of North American wolverine (Gulo
gulo) populations.
Molecular Ecology 10(2): 337-347. (!EP)
Kyle, C. J. ; Strobeck, Curtis. 2002.
Connectivity of peripheral and core populations of
North American wolverines.
Journal of Mammalogy 83(4): 1141-1150.
RÉSUMÉ : http://carnivorecology.free.fr/abstracts/wolverine1.htm (!EP)
Ledje, Christina; Arnason, Ulfur.
1996.
Phylogenetic analyses of complete cytochrome b genes of the order
Carnivora with particular emphasis on the Caniformia.
Journal of Molecular Evolution 42:
135-144.
RÉSUMÉ : http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00239/bibs/42n2p135.html (!EP)
Neff, Bryan D.; Gross,
Mart R. 2001.
Microsatellite evolution in vertebrates: inference
from AC dinucleotide repeats.
Evolution 55(9): 1717-1733.
ARTICLE: http://publish.uwo.ca/~bneff/papers/microsatellite_evolution_in_vertebrates.pdf (!EP)
Walker, C. W.,; Vila, C.; Landa, Arild; Linden,
Mats; Ellegren, H. 2001.
Genetic variation
and population structure in Scandinavian wolverine (Gulo gulo)
populations.
Molecular Ecology 10(1): 53-63.
Wilson, G. M.; Van Den Bussche, R. A.; Kennedy,
P. K.; Gunn, Ann; Poole, K. 2000.
Genetic
variability of wolverines (Gulo gulo) from the Northwest Territories,
Canada: conservation implications.
Journal of Mammalogy 36: 186–196.
Wurster, D. H.; Benirschke,
K.1966.
“Mammalian Chromosomes Newsletter”, 8: 195.
Wurster, D. H.; Benirschke,
K.1970.
Graphodatsky,
A.; Sharshov, A.; Ternovsky, D. 19??.
Comparative cytogenetics of Mustelidae.
Zool. Zh., 68:
96-106.
RÉFÉRENCE : http://www.bionet.nsc.ru/chromosomes/carniv2n/carnivor2n.htm (!EP)
ASPECT PHYSIQUE
Appearance
ICONOGRAPHIE
Illustration
Balke, Don : http://www.unicover.com/EA6ACNIS.htm
Bateman, Robert :
http://www.galleryone.com/images/bateman/bateman_-_predator_portfolio_-_wolverine_portrait.JPG
http://www.galleryone.com/images/bateman/bateman_-_predator_portfolio_-_wolverine_with_fox.JPG
Brodtmann, Carl Joseph. 1833
Ursus Lotor, U.
Mellivorus, U. Gulo #17 (!EP)
www.rareprintsgallery.com/Mammals/Brodtmann/brod17.htm
(lien problématique!)
Jarvis, Gene : http://www.unicover.com/EA6AB3W9.htm
Lawrence,
James E. 1980.
Head print : http://www.wolverinefoundation.org/graphics/jlpt.jpg
Lepage, Michel. 2001.
La faune vertébrée menacée ou vulnérable en forêt boréale. p.131-137.
Dans : La forêt
boréale. Numéro spécial.
Le Naturaliste canadien 125(3): 1-216.
O’Neill, Tom; Leinonen, Antti
(photograph). 2002.
Beasts of the Boreal – Wolverines. (Finland)
ARTICLE: http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0206/feature3/index.html
Stirnweis, Shannon : http://www.unicover.com/EA6AB4QR.htm
Images
variées
Various
illustrations
http://gulo.udev.org/img_gulo_kind.jpg
http://gulo.udev.org/img_gulo_nice.gif
http://home2.pi.be/rv047190/gallery/Zoogdieren/marters.htm
http://www.markuskappeler.ch/tex/texs/vielfrass.html
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Gulo_gulo.htm
http://www.scouts.ru/zoo/images/wolverine_snow.jpg
http://www.scouts.ru/zoo/images/wolverine1.jpg
http://www.scouts.ru/zoo/images/wolverine2.jpg
http://www.scouts.ru/zoo/images/wolverine4.jpg
http://www.wolverines-wolverines.com/image/gallery/wolverine-gallery.htm
Spécimens
naturalisés : http://www.ssimicro.com/~wildart/wlv.htm
PHILATÉLIE
Numismatics
uis
CAN 1990 46¢ : http://members.rogers.com/thestampdad/Stamp_Pics/1172c.jpg
Finland Wolverine - Gulo gulo - Finland
B139 http://www.philately.com/philately/carnivora.htm
North Korea 1962 : http://www.philately.com/philately/carnivora.htm
Sverige _ Bracke
Kommun 1984 : http://kjell.smult.com/images/fradjur_25598.jpg
Sverige 1989 : http://seaside.twistedpair.ca/stampic/sweden/1724am.jpg
U.S. 22¢ Wolverine First Day of Issue: June 13, 1987 :
http://www.unicover.com/EA1CAKWS.HTM
CRÂNE
Skull
Biknevicius, Audrone
R. ; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire. 1996.
Design for
killing: craniodental adaptations of predators. Chapter 12, p. 393-428.
IN :
Gittleman, John. L. (editor). Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution.
Comstock Publishing
Associates, a division of Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London. Volume 2. XII-644 p.
NOTE :
Figure 12.7, p. 408; ”Lateral views of the skulls, and details of the
temporomandibular joints, of a mustelid (the wolverine, Gulo gulo,
right...”
Shufeldt, R. W. 1924.
The skull of the wolverine (Gulo
luscus).
Journal of Mammalogy 5: 189-193.
The Wolverine Foundation. 2002.
http://www.wolverinefoundation.org/skull.htm (!EP)
PIEDS
ET EMPREINTES
Foot, footprints
Vaughan,
Terry A. 1978.
Mammalogy. 2nd edition.
W. B. Saunders Company. X-522 p. (!P)
(ISBN: 0-7216-9009-2)
NOTE: Fig 2-27, p. 22: “B, the tarsus of the wolverine (Gulo
luscus).”
Empreintes
http://www.explorenorth.com/library/weekly/more/n-wolverine3.htm
http://www.explorenorth.com/library/weekly/more/n-wolverine2.htm
http://www.geocities.com/ohiowolverine2/wolvtrack.gif
PATHOLOGIES
– PARASITES – MORTALITÉ
Pathologies, parasites, mortality
Addison, E. M.; Boles, B. 1978.
Helminth parasites
of wolverine, Gulo gulo, from the district of Mackenzie, Northwest
Territories.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 56(10): 2241-2242.
Anonyme. 1993?
Current and Recent
Environment-related Research Activities Concerning the Yukon North Slope and
Adjacent Areas
EXTRAIT : “Blood samples from the wolverines were also taken
and to test for the presence of diseases. Four out of the five males tested
positive for canine distemper, while none of the females showed signs of the
disease.”
RÉFÉRENCE : http://www.taiga.net/wmac/researchplan/currentactivities.html (!EP)
Chadee, K.; Dick, T. A. 1982.
Designation and
freezing resistance of isolates of Trichinella spiralis from wild
carnivores.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 18(2): 169-173.
Dick, T. A. 1983.
Infectivity of
isolates of Trichinella and the ability of an arctic isolate to survive
freezing temperatures in the raccoon, Procyon lotor, under experimental
conditions.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 19(4): 333-336.
Dubey, J. P. 1982.
Sarcocystis and other coccidia in foxes and other wild
carnivores from Montana.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
181(11): 1270-1271.
Krebs, John. 1998.
Cooperative
wolverine study in Columbia Basin Kootenay Wolverine Project, 1998 Progress
Report
Columbia Mountains Institute of Applied Ecology
(CMIAE).
NOTE: accident de la
route et accident ferroviaire.
ARTICLE : http://www.cmiae.org/research/wolverine.htm (!EP)
McFarland, L. Z.; Heushele, V.; Werner,
P. 1961.
Thymic lymphosarcoma in a wolverine.
Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association 139: 563.
Mörner, Torsten; Eriksson, Hanna; Bröjer,
Caroline; Nilsson, Kristina; Uhlhorn, Henrik; Ågren, Erik;
Ryser-Degiorgis, Marie Pierre; Segerstad, Karl Hard AF; Jansson,
Desirée S.; Gavier-Widen, Dolores. 2002.
Diseases and
mortality in free-ranging lyx (Lynx lynx), brown bear (Ursus arctos)
wolf (Canis lupus) and wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Sweden.
European
Association of Zoo- and Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZWV), 4th scientific meeting,
joint with the annual meeting of the European Wildlife Disease Association (EWDA).
May 8-12, 2002, Heidelberg, Germany.
EXTRAIT: “Infanticide, i.e. intraspecies killing, was also
observed as a cause of mortality in young wolverines.”
RÉSUMÉ: http://www.ewda.org/Conferences/Heidelberg%20abstracts/Morner.pdf
Pulliainen, Erkki; Alfthan, O. S. 1967.
Two cases of perodactylus in the
same litter of wolverine (Gulo gulo L.) in Finland.
Annales
Zoologici Fennici 4: 592-594.
Roertgen, Karen E.; Parisi, Joseph
E.; Clark, H. Brent; Barnes, Donald L.; O'Brien, Timothy
D.; Johnson, Kenneth H. 1996.
A beta-associated cerebral angiopathy and senile
plaques with neurofibrillary tangles and cerebral hemorrhage in an aged
wolverine (Gulo gulo).
Neurobiological Aging 17(2):
243-247.
RÉSUMÉ: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8744405&dopt=Abstract (!EP)
Tryland, M.; Sandvik, T.; Arnemo, J. M.; Stuve, G.; Olsvik, O.; Traavik,
T. 1998.
Antibodies against orthopoxviruses in wild carnivores
from Fennoscandia.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34(3): 443-450.
Williams, J. F.; Dade, A. W. 1976.
Dirofilaria immitis infection in a wolverine.
Journal of Parasitology 62(1): 174-175.
Worley, D. E.; Seesee, F. M.; Espinosa, R. H.;
Sterner, M. C. 1986.
Survival of
sylvatic Trichinella spiralis isolates in frozen tissue and processed
meat products.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
189(9): 1047-1049.
CONSERVATION
Conservation
ORGANISATIONS
Organisms
Carnivore
Conservation : http://carnivoreconservation.org
Defenders of Wildlife : http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/new/meso/wolverine.html
NatureServe Explorer : http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/index.htm
The Swedish
Carnivore Association: http://www.rovdjur.w.se/wolf/wolffak.htm
The Wolverine Foundation : http://www.wolverinefoundation.org
The Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe (LCIE).
Wolverine (Gulo
gulo).
Distribution, Life
history, Wolverines and humans,
Threats, Conservation.
ARTICLES : http://www.large-carnivores-lcie.org/wolv.htm (!EP)
GÉNÉRAL
General
Crandall, Keith A.; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R.
P.; Mace, Georgina M.; Wayne, Robert K. 2000.
Considering
evolutionary processes in conservation biology.
Trends in Ecology
and Evolution 15(7): 290-295.
ARTICLE : http://141.40.120.210:8080/WWW/Homepages/Bininda-Emonds/Publications/ESU.pdf (!EP)
Freese, Curtis H. 2000.
The consumptive use of wild species in the Arctic:
challenges and opportunities for ecological sustainability.
For WWF
Canada and WWF International Arctic Programme.
ARTICLE : http://www.wwfcanada.org/en/res_links/pdf/ConsumptiveUseOfWildSpecies.pdf
Kucera,
Thomas E.; Zielinski, William J. 1995.
The case of forest carnivores: small packages, big
worries.
Endangered Species UPDATE 12(3): 1-7.
ARTICLE : http://www.wolverinefoundation.org/mgmt/kuczie.pdf (!EP)
Novak, M.; Baker, J. A.; Obbard, M. E.; Malloch, B.
1987.
Wild
furbearer management and conservation in North America.
Ontario Ministry Natural Resources.
XVIII-1150 p.
Purvis, Andy; Mace,
Georgina M.; Gittleman, John L. 2001.
Past and future
carnivore extinctions: a phylogenetic perspective. p. 11-34.
IN: Gittleman,
John L.; Funk, Stephan; Macdonald, David; Wayne, Robert K.
(editors)
Carnivore
Conservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Conservation
Biology 5. (!P)
(ISBN 0-521-66537-X)
ARTICLE : http://www.predatorconservation.org/predator_info/Forest_Clearinghouse/Wolverine/Wolverineclear.htm
Ruediger,
Bill. 1996.
The relationship between rare carnivores and highways.
p. 24-38.
IN: Evink, Gary et
al. (editors).
Transportation and
wildlife: reducing wildlife mortality and improving wildlife passageways across
transportation corridors.
Proceedings from
the Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality Seminar. Federal Highway
Administration,
Ruediger,
Bill. 2000. (?)
The relationship between rare carnivores and highways:
an update for year 2000.
ARTICLE : http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/wildlife/igbc/Linkage/Relationships.htm (!EP)
The Miistakis Institute for the Rockies (MIR). 2000.
Golf courses and wildlife: a literature review.
Assessing the
current state of knowledge of golf course compatibility for selected wildlife.
Prepared for Alberta Environment, August 20, 2000.
ARTICLE : http://www.rockies.ca/CD_Files/GolfLitReview.pdf (!EP)
Weaver, J. L.; Paquet, Paul C.; Ruggiero,
Leonard F. 1996.
Resilience and conservation of large
carnivores in the Rocky Mountains.
Conservation Biology 10: 964-976.
CANADA
Canada
Austin,
Matt; Herrero, Stephen. 1995.
Wolverine travel
routes and response to human-constructed linear corridors in the Kicking Horse
Pass between Yoho and Banff National Parks.
RÉFÉRENCE: http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/faculties/EV/intervention/1996ss/publications.html
Banci, Vivian A.
1999.
Status report on the wolverine in Canada in 1999.
(Draft)
Prepared for the
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, ON. 37 p.
Banci, Vivian A.; Proulx, G. 1999.
Impacts of trapping on furbearer
populations in Canada. p. 175-203.
IN : Proulx, G. ( editor). Mammal Trapping. Alpha Wildlife Research & Management
Ltd.,
Edmonton, AB.
Burnett, James
A.; Dauphiné, T. Charles Jr.; Mccrindle,
Sheila H.; Mosquin, Ted. 1989.
La nature aux
abois. Les espèces menacées de disparition au Canada.
Ottawa,
Éditions Broquet Inc. et Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada.
200 p.
COSEPAC. 2002.
Rapports de situation du COSEPAC en cours de
préparation. Dernière mise à jour : 20/12/2002.
ARTICLE : http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/pdf/French/Reports_in_preparation_f.pdf (!EP)
Dagg, A. I.; Campbell,
C. A. 1974.
An annotated bibliography on the status and ecology of
the wolverine in Canada.
Canadian Wildlife Service, Manuscript reports. 45 p.
Kelsall,
John P. 1982.
Status report on the Wolverine, Gulo gulo, in
Canada in 1981.
COSEWIC,
47 p. (!P)
Dauphiné, Charles. 1989.
Updated status
report on the Wolverine Gulo gulo in Canada.
COSEWIC, 24 p. (!P)
Carroll, Carlos; Noss, Reed F.; Paquet,
Paul C. 2000?
Carnivores as focal species for
conservation planning in the Rocky Mountain region.
World Wildlife Fund Canada, 54 p.
ARTICLE : http://www.wwf.ca/en/res_links/pdf/focalspeciesreport-textonly.pdf (!EP)
Carroll, Carlos; Noss, Reed F.; Paquet,
Paul C. 2001.
Carnivores as focal species for
conservation planning in the Rocky Mountain region.
Ecological
Applications 11: 961-980.
Lavallée,
P. 1995.
Distribution et densité canadienne du carcajou (Gulo
gulo), du caribou (Rangifer tarandus) et de l’orignal (Alces
alces). Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Faune. ? p. (rapport
interne)
van Zyll de Jong, Constantinus G. 1975.
The distribution and abundance of the wolverine (Gulo
gulo) in Canada.
Canadian Field-Naturalist 89: 431-437.
Alberta
Boyce, Mark S. 200?
Research
priorities for fisheries and wildlife in Alberta.
Alberta
Conservation Association Chair in Fisheries and Wildlife.
Edmonton.
University of Alberta. 33 p.
ARTICLE:
Moses, Richard A.; Shank,
Christopher C.; Farr, Daniel R. 2001.
Monitoring terrestrial vertebrates in the Alberta
Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Program: selection of target species and
suggested protocols.
ARTICLE : http://www.fmf.ab.ca/pdf/16_terrestrial_vertebrates.pdf (!EP)
Petersen, Stephen. 1997.
Status of the Wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Alberta.
Alberta Wildlife Status Report No.
2, March 1997. Publication No. T/364. VI-17 p.
ARTICLE : http://www3.gov.ab.ca/srd/fw/status/reports/pdf/wolv.pdf (!EP)
Scotter,
G. W. 1964.
Occurrence of a wolverine in south western Alberta.
Journal of Mammalogy 45(4): 629.
British-Columbia
Anonyme. 2002.
Wolverine.
p. 32-33.
IN: Interim Wildlife Guidelines for Commercial Backcountry Recreation in British Columbia, Chapter 4, Mammals.
Ministry
of Water, Land and Air Protection Ecosystem Planning and Standards Section,
May, 2002.
EXTRAIT : “Key issues of concern: natal den
sites”
ARTICLE : http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/crecguidelines_ch4may02s.pdf
(!EP)
Banci, Vivian A. 1982.
The
wolverine in British Columbia: distribution, methods of determining age and
status of Gulo gulo vancouverensis.
Ministry of Environment and Forest. Report IWIFR-15.
Victoria, B. C. 90 p.
ARTICLE : http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Mr/Iwr/Iwr015.pdf (!EP)
Cannings, Sydney G.; Ramsay, L. R.; Fraser, D.
F.; Fraker, M. A. 1999.
Rare amphibians, reptiles, and mammals of British
Columbia.
Wildlife Branch
and Resources. Investigation Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, B.C.
198 p.
MAMMALS ORDER
CARNIVORA FAMILY MUSTELIDAE
Wolverine luscus subspecies
Gulo gulo luscus
(Linnaeus)
M-GUGU-LU
ARTICLE : http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/AMAJF03011.pdf (!EP)
M-GUGU-VA
Wolverine vancouverensis
subspecies
Gulo gulo
vancouverensis Goldman
ARTICLE : http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/AMAJF03014.pdf (!EP)
Références
ARTICLE : http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/arm_lit6.pdf (!EP)
Hatler, David F. 1989.
A wolverine
management strategy for British-Columbia.
Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Branch, Wildlife
Bulletin No. B-60, Victoria, B.C. 124 p. (ISSN
0829-9560)
Krebs, John A.; Lewis,
D. 2000.
Wolverine ecology and habitat use in the North
Columbia Mountains: progress report. Vol. 2, p. 695-703.
IN : Darling, L.
M. (Editor).
Proceedings of a Conference on the Biology and
Management of Species and Habitats at Risk. Victoria, B.C. Ministry of
Environment, Lands and Park.
Lofroth, E. 1997.
Northern wolverine project: wolverine ecology in logged
and unlogged plateau and foothill landscapes.
Research program overview. Wildlife Branch, Ministry
of Environment, Victoria, B.C. 5 p.
Lofroth,
E. C.; Wellwood, D.; Harrower, W.; Hoodicoff, C. 2000.
Northern
wolverine project. Year end final report.
Wolverine
ecology in plateau and foothill landscapes 1996-1999.
Ministry
of Water, Land, and Air Protection. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
Morgan,
Shelly. 1997.
Wolverine
(Gulo luscus) surveys using track plates in the Scw7cwlk Valley.
IN:
Lander, Tonya; Goldman, David (editors).
Temperate Rainforest Research Project
1997. Research Report. Preliminary report. 56 p.
(!EP)
ARTICLE: http://www.trrp.org/report97.pdf
Manitoba
van Zyll de Jong, Constantinus G.
1972.
The status of the
wolverine in Manitoba.
Manitoba
Department of Mines, Resources and Environment Management,
Research Branch.
Manuscript report no 72-2. 17 p.
Northwest
Territories
Anonymous. 2001.
Species at risk.
NWT Wolverine Gulo gulo.
ARTICLE: http://www.nwtwildlife.rwed.gov.nt.ca/Publications/ManuscriptReports/NumberedReports.htm (!EP)
Gunn, Ann. 1986.
Wolverine in Kitikmeot
Region.
Unpublished
report. Department of Renewable
Resources, Yellowknife, NT. 3 p.
Lee, L. J. 1994.
Wolverine harvest
and carcass collection, Coppermine, Bay Chimo and Bathurst Inlet, 1992/93. 15 p.
RÉSUMÉ : http://www.nwtwildlife.rwed.gov.nt.ca/Publications/ManuscriptReports/Reports/76.htm (!EP)
Lee, L. J. 1995.
Wolverine harvest and
carcass collection, Coppermine, Bay Chimo, and Bathurst Inlet, 1993/94. 14 p.
RÉSUMÉ :http://www.nwtwildlife.rwed.gov.nt.ca/Publications/ManuscriptReports/Reports/81.htm (!EP)
Lee, L. J. 1996.
Wolverine Research
Proposal submitted to the West Kitikmeot Slave Study Society.
Lee,
J.; Niptanatiak A.1993.
Preliminary
reconnaissance to evaluate potential wolverine study areas on the central arctic
barrens, April 1991. 11
p.
RÉSUMÉ : http://www.nwtwildlife.rwed.gov.nt.ca/Publications/ManuscriptReports/Reports/73.htm (!EP)
Lee, L.J.; Niptanatiak,
A. 1993.
Ecology of the
Wolverine on the Central Arctic Barrens: a Progress Report.
Manuscript Report
#75. Department of Renewable Resources. Government of Northwest Territories.
Yellowknife. NWT, 29 p.
RÉSUMÉ
: http://www.nwtwildlife.rwed.gov.nt.ca/Publications/ManuscriptReports/Reports/75.htm (!EP)
Mulders, Robert . 2000.
Wolverine ecology, distribution, and productivity in the
Slave Geological Province. Final report to the West Kitikmeot / Slave Study
Society.
Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic
Development, Government of the Northwest Territories. 92 p.
ARTICLE : http://www.wkss.nt.ca/HTML/08_ProjectsReports/PDF/WolverineEcologyFinal.pdf (!EP)
Poole, K. G. 1991.
Wolverine carcass
collections in the western Northwest Territories.
Northwest Territories
Department of Renewable Resources. Progress report. 5 p.
Ontario
Dawson, F. N. 2000.
Report on the
status of the wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Ontario.
Ontario Ministry
of Natural Resources. Unpublished report. 39 p.
Hash, Howard S. 1987.
Wolverine. p.
575-585.
IN : Novak,
M.; Baker, J. A.; Obbard, M. E.; Malloch, B. (editors).
Wild furbearer
management and conservation in North America.
Ontario Ministry
of Natural Resources, Ontario. 1150 p.
Magoun, Audrey (Primary
contact/Project leader)
Boreal Wolverine: A focal species for land use
planning in Ontario's northern Boreal
Forest.
EXTRAIT
: “In the past, little if any attention was paid to this wide-ranging
carnivore because harvests were generally low and they occurred primarily north
of current forest management activities (Dawson 2000).”
ARTICLE : http://www.wolverinefoundation.org/research/ontario.htm (!EP)
Living Legacy Trust. Approved grants. Fish and Wildlife
Management 2002.
EXTRAIT: “A grant of $248,300 over two years has been awarded
to The Wolverine Foundation to undertake the study, 'Boreal Wolverine: A
Focal Species for Land Use Planning in Ontario's Northern Boreal Forest'. This
project will refine knowledge of wolverine distribution and habitat; develop a
first generation spatial habitat model for NW Ontario to consider the size,
distribution, and connectivity of areas needed for a viable wolverine
population; develop and test tools for inventorying and monitoring wolverine
populations, including the feasibility of using satellite collars; develop
interim management guidelines and recommendations for maintaining or expanding
wolverines in areas of timber harvest.”
SOURCE : http://www.livinglegacytrust.org/grant_01.html
Novak, M. 1975.
Recent status of the wolverine in Ontario.
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Queen’s Park,
Toronto. 16 p.
Ontario. Ministry of natural Resources. Natural
Heritage Information.
ARTICLE:
http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/elements/el_report.cfm?elid=180729
Québec
Anonyme. (date ?).
Faune. 3. Bilan 1998.
EXTRAIT : ‘’ Le
carcajou est un prédateur qui était présent dans le sud du Québec au siècle
dernier, alors qu'il n'est présent que dans le nord de la province aujourd'hui
(Burnett et al. 1989). Les causes de sa disparition sont probablement le
piégeage, la perte d'habitat et la trop grande pression de chasse sur le
caribou. Il est interdit de le chasser depuis 1981 au Québec, à l'exception des
territoires touchés par des conventions, et ce pour la chasse de subsistance
uniquement. Il est parfois observé dans la région.’’
ARTICLE : http://www.digicom.qc.ca/~cre02/etatsgen/faune/3bilan1.htm ( !EP)
Anonyme. (date ?).
La faune du Parc de la Gatineau – Wildlife in
Gatineau Park.
Commission de la capitale nationale – National Capital
Commission.
NOTE : Dépliant offert le 17 août 2002 lors d’une visite. Voir INTRODUCTION
Baker, S. 1993.
Document
d’enquête et modèle d’analyse visant les observations de couguar et de carcajou
de l’est, dans la province de Québec.
Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche,
Service des habitats. 69 p.
COSEWIC.
Wolverine Recovery Team. 1996.
Draft wolverine (Gulo gulo) recovery plan in
Québec and Labrador. Section II: Wolverine recovery.
COSEWIC, Ottawa.
28 p.
Dagenais, J. 1988.
Rapport
sur la situation du carcajou (Gulo gulo) au Québec et dans les
Maritimes. (rapport interne).
Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche. 33
p.
FAPAQ. Gouvernement du Québec. 2001.
Espèces fauniques menacées ou
vulnérables au Québec. Carcajou. 3 p.
ARTICLE : http://www.fapaq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/etu_rec/esp_mena_vuln/esp/carcajou.htm (!EP)
NOTE : FAPAQ = Société de la Faune et
des Parcs Québec
FAPAQ. Gouvernement du Québec. 2001 (?).
Carcajou. espèce menacée au
Québec. 7 p.
ARTICLE : http://www.fapaq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/etu_rec/esp_mena_vuln/Carcajou.pdf (!EP)
NOTE : Fiche détaillée
Fortin, Clément; Banci, Vivian A.; Brazil,
Joe; Crête, Michel; Huot, Jean; Huot, M.; Lapointe,
J.; Moisan, Michèle; Otto, Robert; Paré, P.; Poussart,
C.;. Shaefer, Jim; Vandal, Denis. 2002.
Plan de rétablissement du carcajou (Gulo gulo)
au Québec et au Labrador.
Rapport no.? Ottawa: Comité canadien des espèces en péril. 67 p. (!EP)
Miller, F. L. 1972.
Wolverine in Gatineau
Park, Quebec.
Canadian
Field-Naturalist 86(4):390.
Moisan, Michèle. 1994.
Évaluation de la
situation du carcajou (Gulo gulo) au Québec et au Labrador.
Ministère de l’Environnement
et de la Faune. (rapport interne)
Moisan, Michèle. 1996.
Rapport sur la
situation du carcajou (Gulo gulo) au Québec.
Québec, Ministère de l’environnement et de la faune,
Direction de la faune et des habitats, xiii-58 p. (ISBN : 2-550-306449) (!P)
RÉSUMÉ : http://www.fapaq.gouv.qc.ca/fr/etu_rec/esp_mena_vuln/publi_1.htm#14 (!EP)
Patenaude, F. 1989.
Projet : repeuplement
du carcajou (Gulo gulo) Phase : garde en captivité, faisabilité et
proposition.
Ministère du
Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche. 40 p. (rapport interne)
Paturel, C. 1987.
Situation du carcajou (Gulo gulo) au Québec et au
Nouveau-Québec.
(version préliminaire).
Université du Québec à Rimouski, pour le Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et
de la Pêche, Direction générale du Nouveau-Québec, Rimouski. 28 p.
Prescott, Jacques.
